Growing Cities, Growing Conflicts: Urbanisation and Socioeconomic Influences on Land Issues in Dodoma, Tanzania

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation, population growth and deepening 
socioeconomic inequalities in Dodoma City, Tanzania, are 
triggering pervasive land conflicts that obstruct sustainable 
development. Rapid urbanisation in developing countries has 
heightened land competition, exposing underlying socioeconomic 
inequalities and governance issues. In sub-Saharan Africa, cities are 
expanding faster than institutions can manage land access, tenure 
security, and urban planning. Tanzania’s capital, Dodoma, illustrates 
these trends, where population growth, poverty, and unregulated 
urban sprawl frequently lead to disputes over ownership, 
compensation, and land use. This study explores the link between 
urban growth, poverty, and land conflicts in Dodoma, Tanzania. 
Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach, data 
were gathered from 258 households via stratified random 
sampling, along with 12 key informant interviews with planners, 
surveyors, and land officers. Quantitative analysis employed 
multiple linear regression, complemented by qualitative insights to 
provide context. Findings reveal that socioeconomic factors such 
as education and employment significantly impact land conflicts, 
while population growth, migration, and informal settlements 
contribute to disputes through unplanned expansion. Applying 
Resource Dependence Theory and Urbanisation Theory reveals 
that conflicts stem not only from resource scarcity but also from 
structural inequalities that impede fair access to land amid rapid 
urbanisation. The study suggests that effective conflict mitigation 
requires integrated strategies combining poverty alleviation, legal 
empowerment, and participatory urban planning. Strengthening 
land governance and fostering inclusive development are essential 
for a sustainable and peaceful urban transformation in Tanzania 
and comparable regions.