MUST JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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Optimizing Land Allocation for Paddy Varieties Using Linear Programming: A Case Study of Pawaga, Tanzania
Farmers often operate with limited resources, making strategic and scientifically informed decision-making essential. Linear programming is one such analytical tool that can support optimal resource allocation. A case study was conducted in Pawaga, Iringa District, Tanzania, with the aim of evaluating the gross profit of growing four paddy varieties namely Shingo ya mwali, Faya, Saro 5 and Zambia, using linear programming. Farmers in the area typically select crop varieties based on intuition or peer influence, which can lead to suboptimal profitability. A study was conducted to determine the gross revenue per acre for different paddy varieties, asses their variable production costs, and compute their gross profits. Linear programming was then applied using Microsoft Excel Solver to identify the best land allocation that would maximize overall farm profit. A farmer should allocate the 4 acres of land by growing 2.7 acres of paddy Shingo ya mwali, and 1.3 acres of paddy Saro 5, so as to generate a gross profit of 7,680,400 shillings, under the operating cost of 4,167,000 shillings. The results show that the gross profit obtained through the LP model is superior to that obtained through the traditional method by 6%.This suggests that, by reallocating the same land and operating under the same budget constraints, farmers could increase their gross profit compared to their current practices. The study concludes that scientific tools such as linear programming can significantly improve crop planning and encourages farmers to transition from experience-based decision-making to data-driven strategies for enhanced profitability.
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The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Disruptive Behaviour Among Adolescents in Public Secondary Schools in Lagos State.
This paper examined the influence of emotional intelligence on disruptive behaviour among in-school adolescents in public secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria, and explored the effect of gender on these behaviours. Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 1001 adolescents (48.3% male, 51.7% female), aged 12 18 years (M = 15.31; SD = 1.49), were sampled across nine public schools in four education districts. Participants completed the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test and the Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Scales (CODDS). Regression analysis revealed that emotional intelligence significantly and negatively predicted disruptive behaviour (β = –.21, p < .01), accounting for 4.5% of the variance. Male adolescents reported significantly higher disruptive behaviour than females (t = 5.36, p < .001). These findings emphasise the role of emotional intelligence in reducing disruptive tendencies and point to the importance of gender-sensitive behavioural interventions.
Growing Cities, Growing Conflicts: Urbanisation and Socioeconomic Influences on Land Issues in Dodoma, Tanzania
Rapid urbanisation, population growth and deepening socioeconomic inequalities in Dodoma City, Tanzania, are triggering pervasive land conflicts that obstruct sustainable development. Rapid urbanisation in developing countries has heightened land competition, exposing underlying socioeconomic inequalities and governance issues. In sub-Saharan Africa, cities are expanding faster than institutions can manage land access, tenure security, and urban planning. Tanzania’s capital, Dodoma, illustrates these trends, where population growth, poverty, and unregulated urban sprawl frequently lead to disputes over ownership, compensation, and land use. This study explores the link between urban growth, poverty, and land conflicts in Dodoma, Tanzania. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach, data were gathered from 258 households via stratified random sampling, along with 12 key informant interviews with planners, surveyors, and land officers. Quantitative analysis employed multiple linear regression, complemented by qualitative insights to provide context. Findings reveal that socioeconomic factors such as education and employment significantly impact land conflicts, while population growth, migration, and informal settlements contribute to disputes through unplanned expansion. Applying Resource Dependence Theory and Urbanisation Theory reveals that conflicts stem not only from resource scarcity but also from structural inequalities that impede fair access to land amid rapid urbanisation. The study suggests that effective conflict mitigation requires integrated strategies combining poverty alleviation, legal empowerment, and participatory urban planning. Strengthening land governance and fostering inclusive development are essential for a sustainable and peaceful urban transformation in Tanzania and comparable regions.
Bridging the Gap: Structured, Sustainable Mentorship Models in Higher Learning Institutions
Mentorship is widely recognised as a critical intervention for equipping young and early career academic staff with the skills necessary to navigate the complex demands of higher learning institutions (HLIs). However, evaluating the effectiveness of mentorship programs remains a big challenge. This article seeks to explore alternative mentorship models applicable in HLIs beyond structured programs, identify key challenges facing structured mentorship initiatives, and outline best practices for developing effective and sustainable mentorship frameworks. Using the Google Scholar database, we conducted a systematic literature review of 26 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025. Findings reveal that alternative models such as traditional dyadic, peer, group, distance, and constellation mentorship are viable in HLIs. Common challenges to structured mentorship include time constraints, scheduling conflicts, heavy workloads, limited mentorship skills, insufficient institutional support, mismatched pairings, and a shortage of qualified mentors. The article highlights best practices, including comprehensive mentor training, optimal matching, time dedication, institutional backing, voluntary participation, mentor compensation, robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and clearly defined learning goals. These elements are essential for building effective and sustainable structured mentorship models in HLIs.
The Role of Human Resources Strategies in the Execution of Strategic Plans: Insights from Tanzania’s Public Universities
Corporate strategic plans (CSPs) have been emulated worldwide as a driver of performance in all sectors of the economy, ceteris paribus. However, Tanzanian public universities have struggled to convert strategy into action and to align business strategies with human resource (HR) practices, which are recognised as critical enablers of institutional performance. Using the Human Capital Theory and the Resource-Based View, this study examined the impact of HR strategies on the implementation of CSPs in Tanzanian public universities, focusing on the HR factors that translate strategic intent into action in higher education. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed to integrate quantitative analysis with qualitative insights, providing a comprehensive understanding of how training, employee involvement, and utilisation influence the implementation of strategic plans. Quantitative data from 190 academicians (out of 648) were collected via questionnaires and analysed with a multiple linear regression model. Qualitative insights were gained through semi-structured interviews with 9 respondents to deepen understanding of the quantitative results. Results show that HR strategies explain 65.4% of the variance in CSP implementation (R² = 0.654). Employee involvement (β = 0.545, p < 0.01) and utilisation (β = 0.439, p < 0.01) are the most significant. Training and development also has a positive but weaker effect (β = 0.231, p < 0.05). Qualitative data highlighted that effective communication, participative processes, and aligning roles with training enhance these effects. University management should focus on strategies that increase employee participation and utilisation of roles to support the SP. These results further suggest that while capacity-building initiatives may enhance employee competence, their impact on strategic execution is maximised when staff are engaged and actively involved in the execution process.
Influence of Performance Appraisal and Training on Employee Motivation in Public Hospitals: Evidence from Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Effective employee motivation brings a successful organisation, whereas ineffective employee motivation may bring an unsuccessful one. This study explores the impact of the performance appraisal process and performance appraisers' training on employee motivation in public hospitals in the Mbeya region of Tanzania. A sample of 338 employees was selected using simple random and proportionate sampling. Structured questionnaires and interview checklists were used along with the data, and covariance-based structural equation modelling (CBSEM) was used for the analysis. The study revealed that performance appraisal (performance appraisal process, performance appraisers) and training have a significant impact on employee motivation (p<0.001). Furthermore, the study concluded that performance appraisals, training, and the appraisal process have improved employee motivation in public hospitals. Therefore, to maintain the improvement of employee motivation in public hospitals, the study recommended the Ministry of Health keep enhancing the abilities of performance appraisers and the performance appraisal process and increase funding for health sector training. Theoretically, fair appraisal and training improve motivation. Practically, motivated workers advance healthcare quality, supporting Sustainable Development Goal 3 and aligning with the Human Resource for Health Strategic Plan 2021-2026.
employee motivation; training; performance appraisal; performance appraiser’s; performance appraisal process.
Evaluation of Penetration, Retention and Distribution of Chromated Copper Arsenate in Various Wooden Pole Classes in Mufindi District, Tanzania
This study examined the penetration, retention, and distribution of Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) preservatives in four classes of wooden utility poles, namely Light, Medium, Intermediate, and Stout, in Mufindi District, Tanzania. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of CCA treatment in improving pole durability and service life. Poles were pressure-treated, with preservative penetration measured using a graduated plate and retention assessed with an ED-XRF analyzer (X-MET8000 Optimum). Results showed significant differences among pole classes in CCA uptake. Light poles had the highest mean retention (25.50 kg/m³), while medium poles had the lowest, although stout poles demonstrated overall superior retention uniformity. ANOVA confirmed statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) in both penetration and retention. A very weak positive correlation (r = 0.001) between penetration depth and retention indicated that factors other than penetration influence preservative uptake. Penetration decreased with increasing pole size, from 30.01 mm in light poles to 24.97 mm in stout poles, with a general mean of 27.39 mm. Moisture content was consistent across classes, averaging 25.45%. Variations in penetration and retention were also noted along pole lengths. The findings emphasize the need to tailor treatment protocols to pole size and recommend further research into improved preservative formulations and enhanced treatment methods to ensure long-term durability.
Chemical preservatives, Penetration, Retention, Distribution, Tanzania
Towards Sustainable Transportation: Drivers Of Compressed Natural Gas Adoption in Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania
The adoption of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles has increased over the last decade, even in developing countries, in the pursuit of sustainable cities. This study examined the technological and environmental factors influencing CNG adoption as a vehicle fuel in Dar es Salaam, using a cross-sectional approach. It integrates quantitative survey data from vehicle owners with qualitative insights from interviews with natural gas sector stakeholders, transport operators, and policymakers. The analysis employs inferential statistics, including multiple response analysis, linear regression, and thematic analysis. Findings show a strong awareness of CNG’s environmental benefits, including a 73% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a 67% decrease in pollution. However, concerns about the availability of CNG refueling stations (73%), compatibility with vehicles (67%), and maintenance services (58%) hinder adoption. Government policies play a crucial role in promoting CNG adoption, with subsidies and stricter emissions regulations serving as key motivators. Yet, public awareness campaigns are limited in effectiveness, revealing an insufficient understanding of CNG’s benefits. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for collaboration between government and private sector stakeholders to enhance CNG adoption in Dar es Salaam, advancing toward a sustainable transportation system that improves air quality and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Review of Small Hydropower Development Potential in Tanzania
Tanzania has a huge but underexploited SHP potential estimated to be within 300-500 MW of technically and economically feasible capacity .this resource base returns to the country's varied topograph,perennial revers emanating from highland catchments and rapidly growing electricity demand within the rural and per-urban setting.this paper looks in a detailed analysis of the development opportunities for SHP ,including hydrology head resource mapping geospatial least-cost siting,and financial modeling with technology option environmental consideration social considerations relating to pathways to bankability.The main priority zones for the development of SHP are Iringa,Mbeya,Ruvuma ,Kigoma,Morogoro and Kilimanjaro where SHP (<10 MW per plant micro <100 kW and min100 kW -MW) can cost effectively provide reliable low-carbon electricity that promotes inclusive rural electrification.The challenges include big upfront capital cost,inadequate technical capacity,environmental risk like siltation and bottlenecks on the regulatory front.it further discusses strategies guiding by the recent studies for tackling such barriers with simplified permitting, concessional financing for early-stage development,capacity building /community participation,better policy incentives and watershed management integration. it is included that the sustainable development of SHPs can greatly enhance the resilience of Tanzania's power system.
Assessing Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking in Seven Villages along Mara River - Tanzania
In this study, the quality of groundwater is examined, and its appropriateness for irrigation and drinking is evaluated. Seven samples from S1 to S7 villages were gathered and examined for several physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics. Chemical data were assessed using US salinity diagrams, Wilcox and water quality index, and a comparison was made with respect to WHO & TBS criteria. The results revealed that pH levels in two villages S4 (pH 5.74) and S5 (pH 5.71) fell below the recommended WHO/TBS. The salinity measurements (EC: 696–938 µS/cm; TDS: 295 – 359 mgL−1) indicated moderate salinity (C2 class), which is appropriate for irrigation with little control. The recorded value of nutrient concentrations was NO3– (1.22 – 1.82 mgL−1) and PO43– (0.02 – 0.08 mgL−1), which are within safe limits, while that of SO42– (209 –258 mgL−1) neared the 250 mg/L which is the regulatory threshold value. The Ca2+ (70 – 78 mgL−1) and Mg2+ (25 – 52 mgL−1) complied with the standards, Na+ (40 – 58 mgL−1) exceeded recommended levels for Na+-sensitive populations. Organic pollution, reflected in COD (14 – 97 mgL−1) and BOD (1.4 – 9.9 mgL−1) values, showed substantial spatial variation, with S5 exhibiting severe contamination. Hydrochemical analysis revealed Ca-Mg-HCO3/SO4 water types, accentuating mixed geological and anthropogenic influences. At the same time the SAR ranging between 0.8 – 1.2; Na%: 30 – 40% classified most samples as Excellent to Good. Similarly, most samples were suitable for irrigation based on the US salinity rating. Additionally, the analysis discovered extensive pollution from heavy metals. Iron, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic, and arsenic concentrations were continuously above WHO drinking water guidelines. Several samples had high cadmium while the amounts of manganese and copper were typically appropriate.
EEG Sleep Stage Classification with Continuous Wavelet Transform and Deep Learning
Accurate classification of sleep stages is crucial for the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders. Conventional approaches for sleep scoring rely on manual annotation or features extracted from EEG signals in the time or frequency domain. This study proposes a novel framework for automated sleep stage scoring using time–frequency analysis based on the wavelet transform. The Sleep-EDF Expanded Database (sleep-cassette recordings) was used to evaluate the method. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was used to calculate a time-frequency map, which captures both transient and oscillatory patterns across different frequency bands relevant to sleep staging. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed wavelet-based representation enhances classification accuracy compared to traditional approaches, underscoring the potential of wavelet analysis for robust and interpretable sleep state scoring.
Assessment of Electricity Demand for Utilization of Renewable energy Hybrid Systems, A Case Study of Kitai prisons complex in Tanzania
The utilization of renewable energy hybrid systems has emerged as a viable solution for addressing electricity challenges in developing regions. This study assesses the electricity demand of the Kitai Prisons Complex in Tanzania to evaluate the potential integration of a renewable energy hybrid system. The research employs load classification, daily load profiling, and energy forecasting to analyze the electricity consumption patterns within the complex. Detailed assessments of current demand and future projections were conducted to ensure compatibility with Renewable energy hybrid systems. Key findings reveal distinct load categories, including residential, administrative, and industrial operations, each with unique demand characteristics. Daily load profiles highlight significant peaks during morning and evening hours, necessitating optimized storage and generation strategies. Energy forecasting models predict increasing demand due to planned infrastructure expansions. The study concludes by recommending a hybrid energy system tailored to meet current and future electricity needs while enhancing energy reliability and sustainability. These findings provide critical insights for implementing renewable energy solutions in institutional facilities across Tanzania and similar contexts in East Africa. HOMER Pro program is developed and implemented to obtain the load profiles of different customer groups.
Evaluating the Potential of Utilizing Silica Sand for Thermal Energy Storage Applications: A Case Study of New Luika Gold Mining in Songwe Region, Tanzania.
This research investigates the potential application of silica sand from New Luika Gold Mining, Songwe Region, Tanzania, as a thermal energy storage (TES) medium. Through detailed chemical, physical, and thermophysical analyses of three silica sand samples, the sand suitability based on purity, moisture content, porosity, thermal conductivity, and stability under TES operating conditions were evaluated. The coarse silica sand sample TAN-005 demonstrated optimal properties including high silica content (97.15%), low moisture (0.0198%), and low electrical conductivity (41.6 μS/cm), making it the most promising candidate for high-temperature TES applications. The findings was found to support the viability of indigenous silica sand as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly TES medium. The significance of the findings aligns with Tanzania’s renewable energy goals.
Effects of Waterlogging on the Performance of Ruvu to Mlandizi Road Pavement
Waterlogging is a problem on the road embankment constructed from Ruvu to Mlandizi. During the rainy season, the rainwater and floods from the Ruvu River cause the water table to rise, and the water tends to infiltrate the embankment. This scenario has led to severe defects on the road pavement, such as potholes, alligator cracks, heaves and ruts, regardless of frequent maintenance conducted. This paper establishes a methodological approach aimed at assessing failures of Ruvu–Mlandizi road pavement sections. A levelling survey was conducted to establish the topographical nature of the road section. The determined levels were compared with specified requirements of road design against actual embankment heights. The results indicate that there was a need to raise the embankment to appropriate heights to accommodate flood levels and overcome water overtopping the road. The excavation of two trial pits to determine the actual depth of the water table on a road section was also conducted. Results reveal that the water table was at a depth of 0.3 m from the top of the improved subgrade surface. Based on the study findings, it is recommended to improve the road embankment heights of 1.5 m and apply appropriate methods to reinstate the situation.
Selected Physical Properties of Eucalyptus and Pine Veneered Plywood from Mufindi, Tanzania
Deforestation and the increasing demand for sustainable wood alternatives have promoted the use of plywood for structural applications in Tanzania; however, little is known about how veneer species affect its performance. This study compared eucalyptus and pine veneered plywood panels bonded with phenol formaldehyde resin. Water absorption, swelling, shrinkage, and density were measured according to European Norm (EN) standards. Eucalyptus plywood performed better across all tests. It showed lower water absorption (86.18% compared with 116.44%) and thickness swelling (1.86% compared with 3.34%). Dimensional changes were also smaller, with shrinkage of 0.72% in length, 0.68% in width, and 4.63% in thickness, whereas pine exhibited larger values. Eucalyptus had a higher density (633.2 kg/m³) than pine (569.6 kg/m³), enhancing its dimensional stability. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, eucalyptus-veneered panels demonstrated superior moisture resistance and stability, suggesting greater suitability for structural plywood in humid environments.
Disparities in Methodology, Assumptions and Applications between Ordinal and Multinomial Logistic Regression: A Meta-Analytical Review
This meta-analysis examines the methodological, assumption-based and application-related disparities between Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), drawing from 60 peer-reviewed empirical and methodological studies published between 2015 and 2025. While both models are widely employed for categorical outcome analysis, their theoretical underpinnings, statistical assumptions and practical suitability differ significantly. OLR is optimal for ordered categorical data, relying heavily on the proportional odds assumption, which, if violated, can compromise interpretability and model fit. Conversely, MLR accommodates unordered categorical outcomes without assuming proportionality, but at the cost of greater model complexity and reduced statistical power when categories have an inherent order. The review synthesizes findings from diverse disciplines including social sciences, health research, education and engineering highlighting that the choice between OLR and MLR is often driven more by researcher preference and software defaults than by rigorous diagnostic testing or data characteristics. Studies also reveal a persistent gap in assumption testing, with limited reporting on proportional odds verification and model fit comparison. The analysis underscores the need for clearer methodological guidance, improved reporting standards and context-driven model selection.
Factors Affecting Small and Medium Transport Enterprises in Njombe and Mbeya Districts, Tanzania
The transport sector is vital to Tanzania's economy, significantly contributing to GDP and employment. However, a high failure rate among transport businesses, particularly within their first three years of operation, poses a critical challenge. This study investigates the factors influencing the sustainability of transport businesses, focusing on financial resources, regulatory environment, infrastructure quality, and management practices. The study was guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory; a quantitative approach was employed, sampling 140 respondents from the Njombe and Mbeya regions. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, and statistical analyses included correlation and regression methods. The findings reveal significant barriers to sustainability, including limited access to financial resources, regulatory challenges, poor infrastructure, and inadequate management skills. Financial practices were notably underutilised, with 51.8% of businesses not adhering to financial management standards. Infrastructure deficits, especially in rural areas, emerged as a critical obstacle, with 93.7% of respondents identifying poor road conditions as hindering profitability. Regulatory constraints also pose significant challenges, with 63.4% of respondents dissatisfied with the regulatory environment. The study concludes that addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing the longevity of transport businesses in Tanzania. Recommendations include improving access to financial resources through government support programs, investing in infrastructure development, streamlining regulatory policies to favour business operations, and promoting capacity building for management teams. These measures are imperative for fostering a sustainable and strong transport sector, ultimately contributing to Tanzania's economic development and achieving broader socio-economic goals.
Industrial Wastewater Loads and Pretreatment Performance of Beverage Industries Discharging to Mbeya Municipal Waste Stabilisation Ponds beya Municipal Waste Stabilization Ponds
Industrial wastewater is a growing threat to municipal Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) in rapidly urbanising Sub-Saharan cities. This study evaluated the pretreatment efficiency and quantified pollutant loads from three major beverage industries—Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL), Coca-Cola Kwanza, and Pepsi—that discharge into the Kalobe WSP in Mbeya, Tanzania. Weekly grab samples were collected over a one-month period (n = 12 per industry), and physicochemical parameters, including BOD₅, COD, TSS, nutrients, and pH, were analysed following Standard Methods. Daily pollution loads (kg/day) were calculated from measured flows and concentrations, and statistical differences were tested using one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation at a 95% confidence level. Results showed significant variation in wastewater quality among the industries (p < 0.05). In terms of treatment efficiency, Coca-Cola consistently maintained the lowest pollutant concentrations, demonstrating effective pretreatment and compliance with national standards. TBL recorded elevated suspended solids due to brewing by-products, while Pepsi exhibited the poorest pretreatment performance, discharging the highest organic loads (BOD: 124.81 kg/day; COD: 245.46 kg/day) despite moderate flow. Collectively, Pepsi accounted for 71% of BOD and 76% of COD loads entering the WSP, underscoring that industries with insufficient pretreatment disproportionately stress municipal systems. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted upgrades to Pepsi’s pretreatment facility, stricter enforcement of load-based discharge permits, and improved industry–utility collaboration. This study is the first in Tanzania to apply a mass-based load assessment framework for industrial discharges, providing a replicable model for regulatory action. The results support implementation of Tanzania’s Industrial Wastewater Regulations (2020) and contribute to achieving SDG 6.3 on reducing untreated wastewater.
BOD ,Industrial Wastewater, Waste Stabilization Ponds
Evaluating the Influence of Intermittent Weather Condition on the Effectiveness of Solar Photovoltaic System: The Case of Ntyuka Transmission Station
Conventional fossil-based power generation has increased global electrical output but introduced environmental stress, cost volatility, and resource depletion. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a feasible low-emission option; however, their efficacy is intrinsically affected by nonlinear factors associated with solar irradiance and module temperature, rendering weather variability a significant operational limitation. This study assesses the impact of intermittent weather conditions on the performance of the standalone 6 kW PV system at Ntyuka Transmission Station in Tanzania. Measured site parameters—including hourly global horizontal irradiance, module surface temperature, system component specifications, and recorded AC output power—were incorporated into a MATLAB/Simulink model representing the PV array and inverter configuration. Model validation was performed by comparing simulated system behaviour against measured operational data under varying environmental scenarios. Results indicate that fluctuations in irradiance from 1200 W/m² to 700 W/m² lead to significant voltage and power reductions, contributing to an average energy loss of 18–22%. The study confirms that intermittency reduces system efficiency, output stability, and supply reliability. The findings highlight the need for improved system control strategies, optimised sizing, and supportive policy measures to enhance the technical viability of off-grid PV systems in Tanzania.
Sequential Trends in Corrosion Behaviour of Surface-Ground Aluminium 7075 Thin Plates in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution he Potentiodynamic Polarization Method
The primary aim of this study is to assess the corrosion behavior of Aluminum 7075 plates in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution after undergoing surface grinding. Aluminum 7075 plates are ground according to a factorial design schedule, and their corrosion behavior is evaluated using a CorrTest Electrochemical Workstation. The trends of the Tafel plots for the 54 samples are analyzed in groups of five runs except the last group which consists of four runs. It is found that the anodic Tafel slope (23.77 mV) is lower at a low table speed (2.0 spm) and moderate grinding depth (0.5 mm). High feed (5.0 mm) and grinding depth (1.0 mm) eventuate to a higher cathodic Tafel slope (86211400.0 mV) due to increased strain hardening. With low feed (1.0 mm), the corrosion potential is lower (-0.796 V), whereas a moderate feed (2.0 mm) results in a higher corrosion potential (-0.640 V). At a low table speed (2.0 spm), the corrosion current density (0.000032 A/ ) is low, and conversely, when the table speed increases, this density rises. A high feed rate (5.0 mm) corresponds with a high corrosion current density (0.000406 A/ ) and vice-versa, as the grinding tool processes a larger surface area, potentially increasing surface roughness. It is found that with a low grinding depth (0.2 mm), the corrosion current density is elevated (0.000406 A/ ), and the opposite is true when the depth increases. When the table speed is reduced (0.2 mm), the polarization resistance is high (812.5 Ω. ), and this resistance decreases as the speed increases. Moreover, a high feed (5.0 mm) results in a lower polarization resistance (64.04 Ω. ) and vice versa. Additionally, with a low grinding depth (0.2 mm), the polarization resistance is reduced (64.04 Ω. ), while an increase in depth raises the resistance.
Evaluation, Corrosion Behaviour, Potentiodynamic Polarization Method, Surface Grinding, Aluminum 7075 Plates.
Critical Review of the Percentage of Cumulative Oil Production with Sequential Quadratic Programming Technique for Gas Lifted Wells
Gas lift optimization presents a complex, nonlinear constrained problem in petroleum engineering, where dynamic well interactions, multiphase flow behaviour, and stringent operational constraints pose significant computational challenges. This study systematically reviews the application of Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) as an advanced numerical optimization technique for gas lift performance enhancement. SQP’s mathematical foundation, rooted in second-order approximations of the objective function and constraints, leverages Hessian approximations and Lagrange multipliers to achieve superior solution accuracy and convergence efficiency. Comparative analyses demonstrate SQP’s superiority over conventional optimization methods such as Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and the Augmented Lagrangian (AL) method. Unlike MILP, which struggles with nonlinear deliverability constraints, and AL, which exhibits minor constraint violations, SQP ensures strict constraint adherence while optimizing gas injection rates. The method’s computational efficiency is attributed to advance gradient estimation, parallel processing capabilities, and QR factorization updates, making it highly effective for large-scale gas lift networks. Notably, SQP-driven optimization has been shown to improve Net Present Value (NPV) by up to 42% and increase oil production by 45% through optimal gas allocation and stabilization of intermittent flow regimes. Furthermore, the adaptability of SQP for real-time optimization enables its seamless integration into industry-standard production simulation tools such as PROSPER, GAP, and OLGA, facilitating dynamic field-wide gas lift coordination. Emerging hybrid SQP frameworks, incorporating Augmented Lagrangian strategies and nonlinear steady-state optimization, further enhance solution robustness and economic performance. Crucially, SQP’s ability to model real-world constraints—including reservoir pressure limits, gas-lift performance curves, and fluctuating operational conditions—demonstrates its viability for practical implementation in complex petroleum production systems. This review establishes SQP as a transformative optimization framework for gas lift operations, bridging theoretical advancements with real-world applicability. The findings underscore SQP’s computational and economic advantages over conventional methods while paving the way for future research into hybridized algorithms and real-time adaptive gas lift control in large-scale petroleum production networks.
Sequential Quadratic Programming, Gas Lift, Optimisation, Lagrangian, Cummulative Oil Production
Dye Sorption from Textile Wastewater onto Faujasite Zeolite Synthesized from Bauxite Sediment and Rice Husk Silica
This study explores the adsorptive properties of high silica-containing zeolite synthesised from natural sediments rich in aluminosilicates, modified with biowaste silica for wastewater treatment. Hydrothermal synthesis was used to produce zeolite from local clay sediment. The synthesised zeolite was tested for its ability to adsorb ionic dyes from textile wastewater. XRD and EDS analysis revealed a faujasite zeolite-Y with 85.60 g of Si and 17.50 g of Al, and a Si/Al ratio of 4.891 g/mol. The Zeolite Y particles had a uniform size distribution ranging from 1 to 3 μm. The Langmuir isotherm analysis showed a specific surface area of 1,750 m²/g and a pore diameter of 1.847 nm. Batch adsorption experiments yielded Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin regression constants with R² values below 0.9924, 0.9451, and 0.9395, respectively, during an isothermal study on methylene blue sorption. The fixed-bed column test indicated an adsorbent stability of 5.25 hours. Overall, the faujasite zeolite-Y, with its large mesoporous structure, demonstrates significant adsorption of ionic dye from textile effluent.
Secondary School Dropout in Tanzania: Evidence from Uyui District in Tabora Region
Dropout has remained a major concern in Tanzania’s education sector for several years, undermining national efforts to achieve equitable access to quality secondary school education. The study investigated the key factors contributing to secondary school student dropout in the Uyui-Tabora region in Tanzania. It examined the influence of school-related, student-related, and parent-related factors using a mixed-methods approach and an explanatory research design. Data were collected from 180 respondents (students, teachers, and parents) using structured questionnaires, while interviews were conducted with five school heads. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple linear regression, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. Findings showed a significant relationship between dropout rates and school-, student-, and parent-based factors. School-related factors had the strongest influence (B = 0.112, p = .032), indicating that poor conditions such as lack of hostels, harsh discipline, and inadequate resources contribute significantly to dropout. Student-related factors (B = 0.038, p = .021), including peer pressure and unethical behaviour, and parent-related factors (B = 0.052, p = .028), such as poverty, alcoholism, and parental neglect, were also significant predictors. The study concluded that negative school environments, including teacher shortages, poor infrastructure, and limited learning materials, play a central role in student dropout. Additionally, student behaviours influenced by peer and cultural pressures, and lack of basic necessities like uniforms, contribute to the problem. Parental issues such as poverty, substance abuse, and negative attitudes toward education further exacerbate dropout rates. The findings underscore the need for integrated policy responses. The Ministry of Education, local authorities, and communities must work together to improve school infrastructure, support families, and implement learner centred programmes. Addressing these multi-faceted challenges is vital to reducing dropout rates and ensuring equitable access to quality education in Tanzania.
Investigating TANROADS’ Performance in Tendering and Supervision of Road Projects: A Review A Review
The Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) is a semi-autonomous agency under the Ministry of Works and Transport, responsible for the planning, construction, maintenance, and management of trunk and regional roads across Tanzania Mainland. Its mandate also includes airport development, operation of weighbridges, and supervision of road projects. Despite these responsibilities, TANROADS projects continue to suffer from persistent issues such as cost overruns, time delays, and substandard construction quality. This review aims to critically assess how weaknesses in the tendering and supervision processes contribute to project underperformance and to identify practical reforms. A systematic literature review was conducted, drawing on 45 sources published between 2010 and 2024, including academic studies, CAG audit reports, procurement laws, and institutional publications. Thematic analysis was used to identify common challenges and proposed solutions. Tendering challenges include poor feasibility planning, weak tender documentation, non-adherence to evaluation criteria, and delays in contract signing. These often result in the selection of under-qualified contractors and inefficient project execution. Recommended reforms include mandatory feasibility studies, evaluator training, stricter use of the National e-Procurement System (NeST), and adoption of performance-based evaluation frameworks. In the supervision phase, key challenges include inadequate staffing, irregular site inspections, weak documentation, poor stakeholder coordination, and limited enforcement capacity. To address these, the review recommends increasing personnel supervision, digitizing field reporting, standardizing procedures, and implementing post-project performance evaluations.
Examining the Stressful Reality for Working Class Students Caused by Campus Relocation from Kanifing to Faraba Banta of the University of the Gambia
This study examines the impact of stress and commuting hours on the work-life balance of working-class students at the University of The Gambia (UTG) following the relocation of most of its schools from the temporary site in Kanifing to the permanent site at Faraba Banta. The move to the new location has presented significant challenges, particularly for working-class students, who are the majority in the university. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, this research explored the relationship between perceived stress, commuting hours, and work-life balance. A total of 120 employed students participated by completing a structured questionnaire. The results of the first hypothesis revealed a significant negative correlation between stress and work-life balance, with higher stress levels leading to a reduced ability to balance work with personal life (r = -0.377, df (198); p < 0.01). The results of the independent and joint influence of stress and commuting hours revealed that stress is a major predictor (b= .378, t= 4.35, p<.01), while the independent influence of commuting hours was not significant (b= .010, t= 110, p>.05) on work-life balance, likely due to government/school management interventions such as subsidised transportation to Faraba Banta from different terminals in The Gambia; however, the two variables jointly had moderate influence on work-life balance (R= .377, F= 9.68, p<.01). The findings highlight the pivotal role of stress in students’ lives, particularly those combining schooling with work, when it comes to managing their work with other life activities. The study suggests that institutional support, including flexible work/learning schedules, financial aid, and improved transportation, among others, is crucial in reducing stress and enhancing work-life balance. Recommendations include increased financial assistance, an improved transportation system, and workplace/academic flexibility to support working-class students. These insights are valuable for policymakers and educational institutions seeking to create a supportive environment for working students, fostering better balance between work and other aspects of life.
Factors Associated with Utilisation of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services Among Undergraduates of University Of Ilorin, Nigeria
The utilization of reproductive health services is crucial for preventing health issues such as sexually transmitted infections and enhancing fertility and overall quality of life. However, among undergraduates, the utilization of these services is not well documented, and several factors may influence their use. The objectives of the study were to determine whether accessibility; affordability; knowledge of reproductive health; and quality of service are factors associated with utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services among Undergraduates of University of Ilorin, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised all 46,657 undergraduates of University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Four hundred and eleven (411) respondents were sampled. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted for the study. A researcher-structured questionnaire validated by three experts from the department was used for data collection. The reliability of the instrument was established through split-half method and a co-efficient of 0.86r was obtained using Cronbach Alpha. Inferential statistics of chi-square was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study were that accessibility (ᵪ2 = 183.38), affordability (ᵪ2 =125.92); knowledge of reproductive health (ᵪ2 =103.55); quality of service (ᵪ2 = 115.25) are factors associated with utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services among Undergraduates of University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The study recommended that these factors should be improved to enable undergraduates to optimally utilise sexual and reproductive health services.
A Critical Analysis of Selected Maintenance Management Activities in Gravel Roads Projects in Tanzania
Effective maintenance management is essential for gravel roads maintenance projects in Tanzania. However, many face challenges that compromise their economic viability, such as inadequate monitoring, poor assessment of needs, and failure to meet performance expectations, often lowering user satisfaction. To address these issues, this study identifies and evaluates key maintenance and management activities influencing project performance using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The analysis showed that integrity management (IM) strategy is the most influential phase (Path coefficient=0.465). Within this phase, IM5(engaging environmental and community needs) was most critical (outer loading = 0.980), followed by IM2 (maintaining proper inventory records) at 0.977. Cost considerations had the strongest effect on hard performance measures (path coefficient = 0.706), with C5 (adequate funding based on needs) highly influential (outer loading value of 0.882). For soft measures, the social and relational dimensions was dominant (path coefficient = 0.846) with R3 (user and stakeholders satisfaction) as the key indicator. Overall, the most impactful activities identified were IM5, RIC14 and RIC15(population served, access to economic centers), OM2(new management techniques), and RM1(material price fluctuations). These findings guide strategies for enhancing gravel roads maintenance outcomes in Tanzania and other regions facing similar challenges
Partial least squares structural equation modeling
Socio-Demographic and Economic Factors Associated with Adoption of Tarpaulins and Hermetic Bags for Maize Postharvest Handling in Rukwa and Katavi Regions, Tanzania
Maize is the number one staple food in Tanzania, but its postharvest loss is a problem. Using tarpaulins and hermetic bags to dry and store maize, respectively, to reduce the loss has been being promoted, but their adoption remains low among smallholder maize farmers. This paper assesses the socio-demographic and economic factors associated with adoption of the two technologies. This paper is based on primary data which were collected mainly using a structured questionnaire from November 2022 to March 2023 from 365 smallholder maize farming households in Rukwa and Katavi Regions, Tanzania. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27 to determine descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 22.5% of the households were non-adopters of tarpaulins and hermetic bags, while 43.6% and 34.0% were lower and higher adopters, respectively. Pearson’s chi-square tests revealed that household income per capita was significantly associated with the adoption levels (Chi-Square = 11.610, p = 0.020, Cramer’s V = 0.126), while age, sex, education, farming experience, and household size were not significantly associated with the adoption (p > 0.05). It is concluded that low adoption of tarpaulins and hermetic bags for maize postharvest handling in the research area is primarily due to low income among smallholder maize farmers. To enhance the adoption, local government authorities should control the supply and pricing of tarpaulins and hermetic bags to make them more accessible to low-income farmers and promote the benefits of these technologies to end maize postharvest losses.
household income, hermetic bags, Socio-demography, tarpaulins, technology adoption
The Influence of Extraction Method (Solvent Extraction with Hexane vs. Steam Distillation) on the Composition of Essential Oils from Lemon Peels Analyzed with FTIR
The extraction method selected for extracting essential oils from lemon peels has a marked impact on both the yield and the chemical composition of the resulting product. In this study, the chemical profiles of the oils extracted with solvent extraction using hexane and steam distillation, which are commonly used extraction methods were analyzed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and compared. The findings demonstrate that hexane extraction preferentially recovers non-polar constituents, such as alcohols, phenols, and aromatic compounds. In contrast, steam distillation is more effective at isolating volatile and aliphatic hydrocarbons, particularly limonene and related terpenes, which are significant for their characteristic citrus aroma. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic existence of certain functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, and aromatics that enabled distinction between the compositions of the essential oils from the two extraction processes. The results emphasize the importance of the choice of the extraction process, particularly in the case of designing essential oil compositions for targeted purposes in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industry. In general, these results offer valuable guidance on how methods for extraction could potentially be modified to more closely match the intended results.
Intelligent GPS and Sensor Controlled Tracker and Locator for Human Trafficking, Kidnapping, Banditry and Theft Control in Nigeria
Prevalent kidnappings for various nefarious purposes have resulted in unprecedented rise in insecurity of lives and properties in Nigeria. Added to these are other vices such as cattle rustling and banditry, through which lives and economy of many Nigerians’ are gradually being ruined. To control this trend, security operatives need location and operational information of perpetrators of these nefarious crimes in real time. This study developed a real time tracking system using Global Positioning System (GPS), sensor based module, microcontroller, and proximity sensor to determine the location of the lost item or person and to relay findings to the communication device (smartphone or tablet) of the designated rescue team. For the software development, C++ and PHP were used to code and configure the microcontroller (ATMEGA 8), GSM message command, the NMEA Messaging 101 protocol command and to interface with Google map API. Findings showed that, the tracker device was able to accurately detect ‘missing’ (hidden) item or human provided the locator device is not separated from the human or item. Location Detection Accuracy (LDA) success was 98% (49/50) for the 50 test cases with a 2% (1/50) error rate associated with low battery (below 20 %). The average Proximity Detection distance (PDD) accuracy was approximately 1.6m. Further studies should focus on improving proximity accuracy, further miniaturizing tracker device for effective concealment and adopting more secure communication protocols.
GPS, Microcontroller, Proximity Sensor, Smartphone, SMS